What are proteins that function as biological catalysts?

Proteins that function as biological catalysts are known as enzymes. Enzymes are crucial in speeding up chemical reactions in biological systems without being consumed in the process. They achieve this by lowering the activation energy required for reactions to occur, which increases the rate of the reaction significantly. This catalytic function is essential for various cellular processes, including metabolism, DNA replication, and digestion.

Each enzyme is specific to a particular reaction or type of substrate, which allows for precise regulation of metabolic pathways. This specificity is often due to the unique shape of the enzyme's active site, where substrates bind and undergo a chemical transformation.

Hormones, antibodies, and vitamins play different roles in the body. Hormones are signaling molecules that regulate physiological processes, antibodies are involved in the immune response by identifying and neutralizing pathogens, and vitamins often act as co-factors for enzymatic reactions or play roles in maintaining overall health. While all these substances are vital for life, they do not possess the catalytic properties characteristic of enzymes.